Major Research Project †Crisis Communication Analysis

MAJOR RESEARCH PROJECT – CRISIS COMMUNICATION ANALYSIS OF SAMSUNG GALAXY NOTEY 7 EXPLODING DEVICE In 2016 Samsung faced a devastating blow its corporate image, when malfunctions in the newly released Samsung Galaxy Note 7 lithium battery causing these devices to unexpectedly explode endangering the safety of its consumers and other innocent civilians. Maintaining a favorable image is crucial for organizations, and crises threaten this making the need for effective communication of vital importance. Samsung’s exploding devices was a traditional crisis, however what makes it an intriguing case for analysis is the influence of social media in exacerbating the crisis and causing debilitating harm organization’s reputation. Crisis communication†¦show more content†¦Social media has transformed the crisis communication arena, an imperfect science, the use of social media as a crisis response strategy has proved to be effective means of reputation management for some institutions, and ineffective for others. As social media’s influence is found within Samsu ng’s crisis scholars Mina Roshan, Matthew Warren, and Rodney Carr in Understanding the use of social media by organizations for crisis will assist in providing the context of social media as unpredictable crisis management tool, and will help to assess social media response practiced by Samsung and the influence these communication channel had on exacerbating their crisis. Over the course of my research two questions I will seek to answer are: How has social media influenced how organizations respond in crisis situations? What does Samsung’s ineffective application of Benoit and Coomb’s crisis practices reveal of the nature of reputation management in today’s world? Ultimately, this research project will expand the breadth of crisis communication, and showcase the importance of communication messages in crisis situations in the digital world. References Benoit, W. L. (1997b). Hugh Grant s image restoration discourse: An actor apologizes. Communication Quarterly, 45(3), 251-267. doi:10.1080/01463379709370064 Benoit, W. L. (1997a). 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The Legacy Of The United States - 913 Words

Democracy is the feat on which the united states prides itself. This democracy was built over the ages and over many events through trial and error. By analyzing the history of the Monroe Doctrine, the two elections in which Andrew Jackson was voted a president, the theory of John C. Calhoun, and the Cherokee Nation vs Jackson trail we can arrive at the strengths and shortcomings of the American democracy in the period between 1820 and 1836. After the revolutionary war and the war of 1812 the United States had to enforce their independence and establish themselves as a political entity. This declaration of their political influence came in the form of the Monroe doctrine. A document that was written by President Monroe. The doctrine had†¦show more content†¦The democratic-republican party which ran uncontested in the elections of 1824 had split due to a rift which was created between the ideas of nationalism and sectionalism. On one side Andrew Jackson ran with his â€Å"Jacksonian Democracy† platform and Adams who has now been considered and elitist. However, the expansion of democracy came from the states’ new relaxed voting laws which in Pennsylvania went as far as allowing all adult males, while in other states had a requirement of being a taxpayer like in the case of Tennessee. This is clearly the main factor in the doubling of the voter participation rising from 26.9 to 57.6 percent. At the s ame time states were abolishing appointment and moving into popular vote for many positions like state officials and judges. In fact, South Carolina was the only state in which appointment prevailed by 1832. These two changes also inspired a reform in the political thinking and electioneering bringing a new type of politician on the pedestal: the politician who has good popular appeal, a powerful voice, and great leadership skills. The politician who can rally the people and excite them. During the next elections in 1832 a third part joined in response to a despotic conspiracy which was theorized against the Masonic fraternal order. This party called themselves the Anti-Masonic party, and believed that the masons are puppeteering the government. Their goals and ideas aside, they

Rise of Drones Free Essays

The Rise of Drones in the United States Kayla Mazzoni SOC 120: Introduction to Ethics and Social Responsibility Instructor: Nadine M. Acevedo March 4, 2013 , Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones, are aerial systems that can be remotely controlled for short and long range military and civilian purposes. There are all different types of drones with different shapes and sizes and different capabilities. We will write a custom essay sample on Rise of Drones or any similar topic only for you Order Now They are usually equipped with a camera and can also be armed with missiles. Drones can be a very useful tool for the military. Bringing them into the United States to use against U. S. citizens may be very helpful, but it may do more harm than good. Drones can be put into five different categories including, target and decoy, reconnaissance, combat, research and development, and civil and commercial UAV’s. Target and decoy drones provide ground and aerial gunnery a target that simulates an enemy aircraft or missile. Reconnaissance drones provide battlefield intelligence. Combat drones provide attack capability for high-risk missions. Research and development drones are used to further develop UAV technologies to be integrated into field deployed UAV aircraft. Civil and commercial drones are specifically designed for civil and commercial applications. If drones are used properly, they could bring a lot of good to the United States. They can be used to help protect the public, monitor wildlife, manage resources, and promote scientific research. Small drones can provide immediate situational awareness to first responders; transported in the trunk of a police vehicle, the back of a fire truck, or carried in a backpack, drones give them a birds-eye view of the situation, day or night, to save lives and protect property. Drones are already being used to monitor sensitive wildlife areas and populations. Small drones are increasingly providing a means of collecting important information in inaccessible areas to facilitate more effective resource management. Dams, pipelines, offshore oil platforms, microwave transmission towers, power plants and ports are some examples of large, sometimes remote infrastructure that can be accessed easily and safely by small drones to provide color and thermal video for convenient visual inspection. Peering into a volcano is made easier and safer with small drones and is just one example of the new ways they can help scientists gain a better understanding of the way earth and its biosphere operate. In recent news, a former LAPD police officer and ex-United States Navy reservist by the name of Christopher Dorner was charged a series of shooting attacks on police officers and their families. From February 3rd, to February 12th, four people were killed, including two police officers. Three police officers were wounded as well. He was the subject of one of the largest manhunts in LAPD history, spanning two U. S. states and Mexico. Before Dorner died during a standoff with police at a cabin in the San Bernardino Mountains, there was talk that Dorner was being hunted by U. S. drones. Some agencies flatly denied drone use in this case, but others have refused to confirm or deny whether drones were being used. If drones were used to help find Dorner, it should not be covered up or overlooked. There are significant barriers to the Army’s use of unmanned aerial systems within the United States. Use of DOD intelligence capabilities for DSCA missions -such as incident awareness and assessment, damage assessment, and search and rescue – requires prior Secretary of Defense approval, together with approval, together with approval of both the mission and use of the exact DOD intelligence community capabilities. Certain missions require not only approval of Secretary of Defense, but also coordination, cert ification, and possibly, prior approval by the Attorney General of the United States. As a general rule, ‘Military forces cannot use military systems for surveillance and pursuit of individuals’. This is precluded by the Posse Comitatus Act, as reflected in DoD Directive 5525. 5. (John Glaser, February 18, 2013) The Pentagon now has over seven thousand aerial drones, compared with fewer than fifty a decade ago. Last year’s budget included nearly five billion for drone research, development and procurement. The CIA has about thirty Predator and Reaper drones, which are operated by Air Force pilots from a U. S. military base in an undisclosed state. The cost per flight hour varies by the type of drone. Predator and Reaper drones cost about $2500 – $3500 per flight hour. Larger armed systems such as the military’s Global Hawk cost about ten times as much. The use of drones by the United States Government is constantly evolving. Currently, the U. S. military, the Department of Homeland Security, and the Central Intelligence Agency own and operate drones overseas and along the U. S. -Mexico border. In the last decade, the U. S. government has come to rely increasingly on drones for surveillance and air strikes. Even local law enforcement agencies have begun to use drones for surveillance. It is unlikely that domestic drones will be armed, but as use rises, there are growing concerns related to privacy and civil rights. The USA has been legally defined as the new â€Å"battlefield† by the National defense authorization act which also allows for the arrest and indefinite detention of American citizens without trial, without legal representation and even without the ever being charged. Drone strikes are completely silent because the Hellfire missiles they are armed with arrive faster than the speed of sound. You would not even hear the missile until after its explosion. The blast radius of a Hellfire missile is fifteen to twenty meters and everything inside that radius is completely obliterated. This is more than enough to destroy entire homes, apartments and office buildings, not to mention vehicles and light bunkers. There is virtually no citizen defense against drones and they can strike targets anywhere in the country with zero warning. Currently, the two primary agencies using drones abroad are the U. S. military and the CIA. Decisions to use drones for surveillance are generally made within the usual military and civilian chain of command structures. The process for deciding to use drones for strikes in countries that are not declared combat zones are less well known. Most of the drones that have begun to appear in the skies above the U. S. don’t resemble the Predators or Reapers flown by the U. S. military and CIA above Afghanistan and Pakistan. Instead, these smaller versions of flying unmanned vehicles almost rival the animal kingdom in their diversity. Government agencies such as NASA and U. S Customs and Border Protection operate aircraft-size military drones that take off from runways like airplanes. Labs in the United States have even built tiny drones that look like hummingbirds. Most drones resemble the radio-controlled aircraft and toy helicopters flown by hobbyists for decades. They are capable of taking off horizontally, vertically, or being throw into the air. Jim Williams, a Federal Aviation Administration official, stated that no armed drones would presently be permitted in U. S. airspace. But what good are the promises of government officials when the Constitution, especially the Fourth Amendment, has been gutted? â€Å"More than one thousand four hundred applications to use drones in U. S. airspace have been approved for police, universities, and at least seven federal agencies. † (Ron Paul, February 18, 2013) Emotivism offers a perspective on our ethical claims that eliminates much of the traditional kind of argument based on reason. â€Å"Something is good, on this view, if it is something about which we feel good, something is wrong if it is something about which we feel bad. † (Mosser, K. 2010) When it comes to drones, some people may feel good about them and others may think that they will be wrongfully used. Our world can be turned upside down completely by misuse of drones. Yes, they can help us find criminals and missing people, but they can also be used to do a lot of harm. Do we want to live in a society where the government is constantly above us watching? The East Germans and Soviets could only dream of such technology in the days of their dictatorships. We might ask ourselves how long before â€Å"extraordinary† circumstances will lead to decision to arm those drones over US territory? Refrences Ron Paul (2/18/2013) Infowars. com John Glaser (2/18/2013) Antiwar. com Mosser, K (2010) Introduction to ethics and social responsibility. San Diego, Bridgepoint Education, Inc. How to cite Rise of Drones, Papers

Managerial Decision And Financial Account -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Managerial Decision And Financial Accounting? Answer: Introduction Trial Balance refers to bookkeeping or accounting report that includes the balances of each ledger account of the companies. There are two columns in a trial balance; one of debit balances and another is credit balances. Under the manual system of accounting, accountants prepare the trial balance so that they can discover any kind of errors while posting the entries (Weygandt, Kimmel and Kieso 2015). Thus, it can be seen that that trial balance plays an integral part in the accounting of the companies. In the recent era, the introduction of various bookkeeping and accounting software has almost eliminated the possibility of errors in positing the transactions. Still the auditors and accountants consider trial balance of great importance in case they want to check the account balances of general ledger before the necessary adjustments (Needles, Powers and Crosson 2013). It needs to be mentioned that certain specific reasons lead to the preparation of trial balances for the companies. These reasons are discussed below: There are numerous instances where the accountants to the transportations mistakes at the time of doing the double entries. However, with the help of trial balance, these errors can be identified. In this process, it is required to divide the difference between the debit side and credit side of trial balance by 9 and it will find the error of transportation. Calculation errors can be seen while posting the journal entries and ledger accounts and trial balance helps the accountants to find these kinds of errors. These errors may take place due to the poor calculation power of the accountants (Edmonds et al., 2013). Trial balance plays an integral part in the detection of duplication errors in the financial statements of the companies. There are many instances where the accountants write an ledger balance two times and due to this, the trial balance will not match. For this reason, it is required for the preparation of trial balance for the companies. With the help of trial balance, the accounts become able to identify the omission errors in the posting of ledger balances. In the presence of this error, the trial balance of the companies will not match (Horngren et al., 2012). Thus, from the above discussion, it can be seen that the trial balance helps the accountants in finding different types of errors in the financial statements. For all these reason, it is required for the companies to prepare trial balances. Adjustment Journal Entries are considered as an important part of the accounting process of the companies. The adjustments journal entries help in the conversion of the accounting records of the companies to the accrual basis of accounting. For this reason, the accountants do the accounting journal entries before the issue of the financial statements (Needles, Powers and Crosson 2013). It needs to be mentioned that certain reasons lead to the reordering of adjustment journal entries. As pre the accrual accounting concept, the recognition of revenue is done in the period in which it is earned; and the recognition of the expenses is done at the time of their incurrence. Some business transactions have major effects on the revenue and expenses of the companies more than one accounting period. For example, a company may receive fees for their services for more than one accounting period or may pay their expense for more than one accenting year. In this process, the accountants cannot record advance revenue receive or advance payment of expenses in the financial statements of the current accounting period as it is required to assign them in the correct accounting years and in the correct financial statements (Year 2017). In these situations the adjustment journal entries play an integral part. The main purpose of the adjustment journal entries is the correct assignment of the income and expenses in the correct financial years and in the correct financial statements. With the assistance of adjustment journal entries, the accountants assign a portion of the revenue to the particular accounting period in which it is earned. By following the same process, the accountants assign a portion of the expenses in the accounting period in which it is incurred (Stice and Stice 2013). Thus, it can be seen that the presence of necessary adjustments journal entries ensure that the relevant revenues and expenses are reported in the correct income statements of the correct accounting period. This total adjustment helps in bringing correctness and transparency in the financial statements of the companies and it also makes sure that all the financial statements are developed based on correct accrual basis concept (Brown 2014). In this context, it needs to be mentioned that the adjustment journal entries are done at the end of the accounting period. In the process of accounting for the business organizations, adjusted trial balance is an important concept. An adjusted trial balance refers to the listing of all account names and their balances in the trial balances after the completion of necessary adjustments for the current accounting periods. In this context, it needs to be mentioned that adjusted trial balance is not a financial statements as it is considered as an internal document. The main aim of the development of adjusted trial balance is to make it sure that the debit balance of the trial balance is matched with the credit balance of the trial balance (Chambers 2014). It needs to be mentioned that there are certain purposes that lead to the development of adjusted trial balance. As per the earlier discussion, it can be seen that adjusted trial balance lists the ending balances of the accounts after all necessary adjustments (Chatfield and Vangermeersch 2014). Thus, one of the major purpose of the development of adjusted trial balance is to correct the errors in the journal entries so that they can be recorded in the financial statements of the companies as per the required accounting standards. After that, another major purpose of the development of the adjusted trial balance is to get the summary of the balances of all the accounts so that they can be helpful in the development of financial statements. For this particular reason, all the adjusted entries are recorded in a separate column (Salim and Ferran 2014). Hence, from the above discussion, it can be seen that there are two major purposes for the development of adjusted trial balance in the companies. First, the adjusted trial balance is required for the verification of the debit balances with the credit balances of the trial balance. Second, the presence of adjusted trial balance ensures the effective construction of various financial statements of the companies like balance sheet, statement of cash flows and others. However, in the recent years, disuse can be seen in case of adjusted trial balance due to the inception of different accounting software. The application of different accounting software has minimized the possibility of errors in the journal entries. Thus, from the above discussion, it can be observed that adjusted trial balance has much importance in the accounting of the business organizations (Kuter and Gurskaya 2014). In this context, it needs to be mentioned that the adjustment journal entries are different from the closing journal entries on some major way and the accountants of the companies are required to take into consideration all these aspects. Thus, there should not be any mistake in the recording of these entries (Scott 2015). They are discussed below: The adjustments entries are done at the end of the accounting period so that the financial statements of the companies remain updated as per the accrual basis of accounting. In this aspect, electricity expense of the companies can be used as example. Companies use to use electricity for each day basis, but they get the bill for monthly basis. Thus, it is required for the companies to make the adjustments of the electivity expenses for the last 10 to 15 days in the financial statements so that they can be properly recorded. Thus, it can be seen that it is the responsibility of the business organizations to make the necessary adjustments related to the adjusted journal entries at the end of the financial years (Weil, Schipper and Francis 2013). In case of closing journal entries, it can be seen that they are dated as the last date of the accounting period, but their entries into the accounts are done after the preparation of the financial statements (Gassen 2014). In most of the cases, the income statement accounts are seen in the closing entries. In the presence of the closing journal entries, the balances of the revenue and expenses accounts become zero. It implies that there will be a new start of the revenue and expenses account with nothing as balance in the accounts. It helps the business organizations in the easy reporting of the new year revenue and expenses. Moreover, the net amount of the revenue and expense balances will end in the retained earnings or the owners equity (Socea 2012). References Brown, R. ed., 2014.A history of accounting and accountants. Routledge. Chambers, R.L. ed., 2014.An accounting thesaurus: 500 years of accounting. Elsevier. Chatfield, M. and Vangermeersch, R. eds., 2014.The history of accounting (RLE accounting): an international encylopedia. Routledge. Edmonds, T.P., McNair, F.M., Olds, P.R. and Milam, E.E., 2013.Fundamental financial accounting concepts. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Gassen, J., 2014. Causal inference in empirical archival financial accounting research.Accounting, Organizations and Society,39(7), pp.535-544. Horngren, C., Harrison, W., Oliver, S., Best, P., Fraser, D. and Tan, R., 2012.Financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Kuter, M.I. and Gurskaya, M.M., 2014. MAIN LINES OF STUDYING GENESIS AND DEVELOPMENT OF ACCOUNTING.Practical Science Edition" Independent Auditor",4(10). Needles, B.E., Powers, M. and Crosson, S.V., 2013.Financial and managerial accounting. Cengage Learning. Needles, B.E., Powers, M. and Crosson, S.V., 2013.Principles of accounting. Cengage Learning. Salim, R. and Ferran, C., 2014. Accounting Server: Automatically Generating Accounting Transactions from Business Modules.Journal of Applied Financial Research,2. Scott, W.R., 2015.Financial accounting theory(Vol. 2, No. 0, p. 0). Prentice Hall. Socea, A.D., 2012. Managerial decision-making and financial accounting information.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,58, pp.47-55. Stice, E.K. and Stice, J.D., 2013.Intermediate accounting. Cengage Learning. Weil, R.L., Schipper, K. and Francis, J., 2013.Financial accounting: an introduction to concepts, methods and uses. Cengage Learning. Weygandt, J.J., Kimmel, P.D. and Kieso, D.E., 2015.Financial managerial accounting. John Wiley Sons. Year, B.C.S., 2017. Advanced accounting.Journal Entries in the books of Company,12, pp.12-750. calculation power of the accountants

Marketing Application Microsoft Kinect

Civil Rights Movement Summary Essay Example

Civil Rights Movement Summary Essay Example Civil Rights Movement Summary Essay Civil Rights Movement Summary Essay Summarize each event, including which of the civil rights organizations and leaders were responsible for it. March on Washington The March on Washington was a civil rights movement to abtain Jobs and Freedom for all people regardless of race. It took place in Washington, D. C. , on August 28, 1963. Attending were about 250,000 people, which made it the largest protest/ demontration ever seen in the capital. It was organized by a number of civil rights and religious groups and was indefinetly led by Martin Luther King Jr. o also gave the speech in the capital. Montgomery bus boycott The Montgomery bus boycott was when African Americans boycotted riding the buses in Montgomery due to the fact that Rosa Parks was arressted when she refused to give up her seat to a white man. There really wasnt an organization involved since almost every African American there refused to ride the bus. Watts Riot The Watts Riot was a riot that took place in the black Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles when two white policemen arrested a black male motorcyclist who was ccused of drunk driving. A riot then broke out with residents of the neighborhood looting stores, torching buildings, and beating whites as snipers fired at police and firefighters. There were no leaders organizations involved since it was a riot. Explain whether each event was violent or non-violent and why. March on Washington This event was definantly none violent since it was a peaceful protest with people of all races walking (some hand-in-hand) to the capital. There was no violence. It turned out to be both a protest and a communal celebration. This even was non-violent because it was simply a protest against the ways of society and how unfair and unjust it is to African Americans. They boycotted riding the buses completely and this was non-violent since no one was hurt or involved in the oppossition. This event was definitely violent since it was first and foremost a riot and the five days of violence left 34 dead, 1,032 injured, nearly 4,000 arrested, and $40 million worth of property destroyed. It was also said to be the worst urban riot in the past 20 years. Explain whether each event could be considered a success or not. Be sure to include specific details to support your claim. March on Washington I believe that this event could be considered a success because the march was successful in pressuring the administration of John F. Kennedy to initiate a strong tederal civil rights bill in Congress. It was also during this event that Martin Luther King himself delivered his memorable l Have a Dream speech that even today all of the US know and remember. I believe that this event was a sucess because it resulted in the U. S. Supreme Court ordering Montgomery to integrate its bus system. Also this ended up as a humoungous stepping stone because one of the leaders of the boycott, a young pastor named Martin Luther King Jr. , emerged as a national leader of the American civil rights movement. This event triggered the change of the U. S. I do not believe this riot was a success due to the fact that so many died and were injured and arrested. When 34 people die in event, you cannot consider it a success. It was violent, brutal, and barbaric with looting and property damage occuring. Explain your response to the following question: Based on the outcomes of the events you chose, do you think violent or nonviolent protest strategies were more effective? I believe that based on the outcomes of the events I chose I think that non-violent protest strategies are the most effective because if done correctly without any violence the true meaning of the protest can reach out and touch the people that witness it. If done violently, people would Just think them as agressive being and wouldnt take them seriously.

Stock trading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stock trading - Essay Example Decrease in stock price is a risk which can be offset by getting a put choice that permits the stock to be sold at a particular price and within a certain time. When the price of the stock comes down, the value of the put alternative will raise. The option of stock analysis is resolute by the investors faith in the different prototypes for "how the stock market works". I bought 4,000 PCLN for a price of 82.92 each and paid 25.00 as commission totaling to an amount of 331,705.00 and then when the price of the stock increased to 87 I sold them. Thus I made a profit of 16,270. Similarly I have made profit on GOOG and PBR stocks. This competition has taught me to be careful in what I do. I have learnt some of the technical methods which are useful when trading in stocks and shares. The most important aspect which I came to know is the importance of time frame for the trading to take place. Time frames also teach the alternative of how to get out of a trade. Apart from this I knew that I will have to always keep an eye on the risk factors of trading also. Also I knew that a simple stock trading strategy will help to keep my sanity. Simple trading procedure helped me to carry out my trading strategy efficiently and on a timely basis. The trading competition has also taught me about a new approach to manage my own emotions as a trade. I have also understood how to benefit from the crowd psychology of markets. The three Ms of stock trading also plays a crucial part in the stock market. By three Ms it means Mind, Method and Money. All the three Ms have to be in unison and this is a simple trading strategy which I have learnt from this

Information System Selection, acquisition and implementation in banks Thesis

Information System Selection, acquisition and implementation in banks - Thesis Example Today every bank is moving towards developing and maintaining customer relationship (Buttle, 1996). Managers have to look for areas where opportunities lie in retaining the customers. CRM is an option which banks can make use of so that they can rise beyond minimum advantages by creating real relationships with their customers. According to Gronroos (1994) relationships and foundation to the efficient growth and remodelling of new business philosophy, even though businesses have been taking care of relationships with their customers for many centuries. An introduction to CRM: Customers in the past normally opted for those banks which had all the conveniences with regard to its location. But with the development of technology and banks providing facilities like net banking and ATMs customers no longer consider the location of the banks as a primary factor. This put pressure on banks with reference to competition and dynamic marketing facility which in turn contributed to the developme nt of CRM in the financial sectors and specifically in banks.When customers to the extend of at least 5% are retained it provides for an increase in profitability to the tune of 35% in banking business, 50% in insurance and brokerage, and 125% in the consumer credit card market. This is the reason that banks are now focussing on ways and means to retain their customers thereby increasing market share. Private Banks has conventionally considered themselves as exceptionally 'Customer Centric' extending.... According to Gronroos (1994) relationships and foundation to the efficient growth and remodelling of new business philosophy, even though businesses have been taking care of relationships with their customers for many centuries. An introduction to CRM: Customers in the past normally opted for those banks which had all the conveniences with regard to its location. But with the development of technology and banks providing facilities like net banking and ATMs customers no longer consider the location of the banks as a primary factor. This put pressure on banks with reference to competition and dynamic marketing facility which in turn contributed to the development of CRM in the financial sectors and specifically in banks. When customers to the extend of at least 5% are retained it provides for an increase in profitability to the tune of 35% in banking business, 50% in insurance and brokerage, and 125% in the consumer credit card market. This is the reason that banks are now focussing on ways and means to retain their customers thereby increasing market share. Private Banks has conventionally considered themselves as exceptionally 'Customer Centric' extending highly personalized services to the High Net Worth Customers. The more affluent the customers are, the more challenging they are - and the clients in turn anticipate more and more from their banks. These wealthy customers expect their banks to understand what their wants and needs are. This helps in building the organization in particular the banks around serving those needs. The prearranged approach to CRM furnishes several gains to the bank, like having a distinctive and consistent customer experience, clear recognition of the organisational, technological and

Consider the challenges of the forensic recovery and examination of Essay

Consider the challenges of the forensic recovery and examination of data from mobile devices - Essay Example The capability of mobile devices has increased as a result of advance in computing ability contributed by advancement of semiconductor technology used in these devices. Due to their size and portability mobile devices have become the vessels of storing, processing and transmitting information. This remarkable development of mobile technology is origin of current security challenges. The involvement of these devices in criminal activities calls for mobile device forensics and data recovery. This paper summarizes the challenges faced in forensic recovery and examination of data from mobile devices. The scope will bring into light challenges associated while carrying forensic analysis of mobile phones and elaborate various analysis techniques. It will also depict the weaknesses of mobile forensic toolkits and procedures and the crossover between phone and computer forensics 1. Introduction Mobile devices have revolutionized communications on every group in the social structure by making connection to the internet hence global information is available at touch of a button. There are slightly above 4 billion users of mobile devices users and the use of these devices in criminal activities is quite widespread and increasing rapidly. The increased usage of mobile devices particularly the mobile phones is entirely attributed to the reduced cost, the introduction of text messaging, multimedia potentialities, custom ring tones, internet connection, and games features among others. Civil and criminal investigations in the day today life and business involve digital mobile devices forensics. These devices can be connected to crime if they are: used as a communication tool in the act of crime, means of committing crime, they contain information and a data warehouse device providing evidence. Mobile devices forensics can be defined as the science of retrieval of digital evidence from mobile devices and entails methods that show how this evidence is retrieved. Mobile devices forensics is achieved through acquiring and analysing data in devices, memory cards and SIM cards. 2. Evidence items Evidence items that can be obtained by forensically examining a mobile device include the following; Name of Service Provider and Unique Id Number that are printed on back of SIM card. International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) and can be retrieved by keying in some commands such as *#06#. Network operators give facility to dial some code for finding it Location Area Identity (LAI) which is stored inside SIM Integrated Circuit Card Identifier (ICCID) is Stored inside SIM and matches the number printed on SIM. International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI), a unique id for every network subscriber and is stored inside SIM. Text messages data (SMS), contacts and call logs are stored on both the SIM and mobile device handset. Multimedia messages (MMS), images, sound, videos, WAP/Browser history, emails, calendar items and notes are all stored in mobile phone memory. Some mobile devices retain information of SIM cards used at earlier times. This feature is very limited in mobile devices. MSISDN (Mobile Subscriber Integrated Services Digital

A Critical Evaluation Of Aquaponics

A Critical Evaluation Of Aquaponics Aquaponics can be defined as a semi closed system in which requirements for the cultivation of fish and plants are continuously cycled. The process can best be described as a combination of hydroponics, and recycling aquaculture in that its a system that combines the growth of plants solely in nutrient rich water (removing the need for soils), with the cultivation of fish in a water cycle (Oxford Dictionaries, 2012). The concept behind the process is that a source of food is fed to the fish in the tank; effluents build up including ammonia which is pumped into a bed of stones containing bacterium which converts ammonia from the fish effluents into nitrates via nitrification, these nitrates aid plant growth on a medium such as gravel or clay pebbles, the water then filters back sans ammonia into the fish tank where the cycle begins again. This effectively means that the only two continuous inputs are energy to power the pump, and food to feed the fish. It removes the need to use nutrients from soil, including the need to fertilise intensively farmed soils, and reduces water use in the long run. The idea is to cultivate plant produce such as lettuce and to (on larger scale aquaponic set ups) cultivate fish for consumption such as Tilapia. The theory behind aquaponics and its application are relatively new, although there is evidence behind ancient implementation of similar practices such as the cultivation of rice in South East Asia in addition to fish such as Oriental Loach (Kaori, et al, 2009). Therefore, the science behind aquaponics, including academic research into the topic is relatively thin on the ground, although with modern demand from an increasing global population, this is set to increase exponentially. There is substantial promise and benefits to be gained from the aquaponics theory. As mentioned, a rising population, particularly in urbanised areas with limited space means that the versatility of the process is extremely valuable. However the practise does have criticisms to do with the sustainability of raising fish on such an intensive scale, and the complexity of the process when compared to traditional farming and gardening. Aquaponics has a clear relationship with fisheries and agriculture, as can be seen by the aquaculture and crop yield components, however evidence also suggest that aquaponics also relates to conservation and restoration ecology, in that this form of agriculture and aquacultures are both less demanding in terms of space. The aquaponics process relies on a series of initial investments to start it initially a holding tank for the livestock, a pump, grow beds, and a growth medium. Alongside this, there needs to be a continuous input of water (on a small scale after the initial fill up), electricity, and fish food in whatever form such as traditional feed or black fly larvae. It is argued that this means aquaponics is a much more sustainable system than traditional agriculture. (Sikawa, 2010) It can also be argued that the system is more efficient than hydroponics (which also removes the need for soils the most unsustainable part of intensive agriculture) since theres no need to add nitrates into it. Therefore it can be argued that aquaponics is a vastly superior form of agriculture in terms of sustainability. However, it can be argued that despite clear improvement on unsustainable practises in other forms of agriculture (soil use and fertilisers); aquaponics is not as sustainable as initially suggested. The main evidence to support this is the use of fish food to feed the fish livestock; in larger and commercial aquaponics set ups the feed (fish food pellets rather than flakes) is typically made up from smaller bait fish which have been grown especially to be ground up into fish food, or from by catch not fit for human consumption (IFFO, 2006) (although, it is possible to harvest black fly larvae or duckweed to support fish stocks). This practise means that fish food, more so on larger scales, is an unsustainable form of feed, thus making intensive aquaponics systems an unsustainable practise. Despite this, in comparison to traditional cash crop agriculture, and greenhouse culture it removes the intensive pressure upon soils, and removes the need for fertilisers. Compared to agriculture with rotational crops (e.g. one year wheat, one year potatoes, one year left to recover) it can still be argued to better reduce the unsustainable pressure on soils. Compared to hydroponics, it can be argued to be more sustainable since it doesnt rely upon nutrients being added via fertilisers. Aquaculture too, can be argued to have the same unsustainable flaw as aquaponics, in that they both require fish food to be added to the cycle. Therefore, aquaponics can be argued to be more sustainable than many forms of agriculture and aquaculture, but it cannot (in its intensive form) be argued as entirely sustainable. Evidence also shows water conservation, with one scientist (Lennard, 2005) suggesting that water use may be less than 10% of the water required for a standard yield via traditional intensive agriculture being evidence to support the claims of improved sustainability versus other forms of agriculture. Alongside this, aquaponics is easily compatible with other sustainable practices. For example, vermiculture can be practised by using the organic waste from harvested yields to feed worm growth, which in turn can be used as fish feed. And the inclusion of a compost module inside a greenhouse containing an aquaponics set up (also by utilising organic waste such as the discarded fish parts) can be used as a free heat source; this will increase growth and the growing season thus increasing the yield. Further evidence shows that the reduced need for land and water (Robertson, 2005) space compared to typical intensive agriculture (since yields are higher in smaller spaces) means that less erosion occurs, since if aquaponics reaches the popularity where it reduces the amount of intensive outdoor agriculture that occurs, less ploughing of fields will occur, and a reduced amount of land will lay bare over winter when the most weathering occurs. Evidence suggests that a reduction in land used for agriculture means that more land will/ can be used for other forms of land use. For example, if agricultural land is returned to a more natural state, this can mean greater biodiversity occurring something that has a lot of resources contributed to. Evidence suggests that aquaponics has the potential to be a large scale and viable food source in a vast range of environments. Since the system relies primarily on sunlight, shelter/ warmth, electricity and a variable amount of water, it can be implemented wherever these conditions are met, i.e. in buildings worldwide, and many outdoor tropical locations. This makes it an incredible versatile form of agriculture, for many variations are possible, e.g. a saltwater paradigm. One example of this is the implementation of urban agriculture and aquaculture in the form of aquaponics, this is especially important in modern agriculture since food and space demands are at their highest ever levels, and with urban populations now being higher than rural population, maximising productivity is becoming ever more essential. To add to this, creating artificial conditions for agriculture and urban populations being far from areas of typical agriculture means that food miles and carbon release can b e reduced by growing crops locally, especially ones that wont survive in that environment outdoors, e.g. chillis can be grown indoors in the UK. To add to this, evidence shows that agriculture conducted indoors such as hydroponics, and of course aquaponics suffers significantly less yield loss when compared to outdoor normal agriculture, especially pesticide free organic crop yields that are becoming increasingly popular. This is because of a combination of having a more controlled environment which minimises the risk from flooding and drought, as well as reducing pathogens and pests that feed upon the crop yield, as well as affect the fish stocks with fish diseases being a significant problem that affects the high density aquaculture systems, compared to the very low density wild fish stocks which are effected much less (Tidwell, 2012). Theres also evidence to suggest that the quality of produce grown in an aquaponic system is very high, for example theres a lack of both artificial pesticides and fertilisers used in the entire system, since the system is heavily regulated, in an artificial environment, and apart from fish feed its a closed system. Further evidence to support this is the quality of the nutrients from the nutrient cycle, in that its clearly (as can be seen by the rates of growth) comparable to a good quality soil (Rakocy, et al., 2004). Speed of the growth of crop yield and fish stocks are variable, the variables being; pH levels, heat in terms of both the water and the air temperature, whether the set up is indoor (most common) or outdoor, the fish to plant ratio, the age of the set up, and the growth medium. The fish stocks in an aquaponics system are vulnerable since they are high density to fish disease if an infected individual is added. The inclusion of an infected individual is very unlikely and much more manageable than infection control in an aquaculture system, due to the scale and often because they are in the ocean. The increase protection was having a more controlled environment also means that no pesticides have to be used (unless an infection is identified from an outside source), and the nutrient cycle system means that fertilisers also dont need to be used. Therefore, evidence suggests that aquaculture has significantly higher yields due to a combination of an increased survival rate, and greater protection from the elements, as well as the protection of the nutrient sources. However, there is evidence supporting criticism of the viability of aquaponics as a large scale food source. Primarily, theres an issue regarding the acceptance of a food source that is considerably different from traditional agriculture, especially given the modern day demand for organic produce. Consumers may be put off by the thought of food grown without soils, or being fertilised by fish effluent, regardless of how organic or intensive agriculture have their nutrients provided. Another issue is related to this is acceptance of the fish crop, Tilapia can be argued as most suitable for aquaponics (since they are hardy, freshwater fish) this is not a widely eaten fish in the UK, although other foreign populations may be more accepting, and the British may take to it soon (BBC, 2009), and theres difficulty in the suitability of other fish that would be eaten by a British population, e.g. trout their size and space demands being an issue. Although the requirements in terms of labour are relatively low, they do still have a significant financial cost, and a financial commitment for its maintenance, this may be an issue for many potential aquaponics farmers. To add to this, it is arguably much more complicated than normal small scale agriculture where planting your crops and occasional pruning is most of whats necessary, whilst aquaponics requires a correct set up, monitoring and maintenance. In regards to the variables that affect the rate of growth; pH is important since it slows the nitrification capacity of the bacterium, which in turn slows down growth rates of the plants. Heat is explanatory, since lower temperatures mean less growth, this includes fish stocks, also to be noted is that many fish require certain and different temperatures to realise their growth potential. General build quality and design have large impacts too. (Storey, 2012) The growth medium also affects the rate of nitrification since more bacterium means more nitrification, different types of growth mediums have different surface areas and suitability. The fish to plant ration also matters because if theres an imbalance, there can be ammonia build up causing deaths amongst the fish (if theres too many fish), and poor growth rates can occur if theres too little fish, or too many plants (Rakocy, et al. 2006) As the evidence suggests, theres many complications that affect productivity. Despite this, aquaponics can be argued to be far less complex and cheaper than hydroponics and aquaculture are, and require less initial investment. Because of these requirements, it can be argued that aquaponics would be unlikely to overtake modern agriculture as the main food source for a very long time. As the above evidence suggests, aquaponics does have a large potential as a widespread and viable food source mostly due to its versatility and low resource requirements, however it can be seen that there are several factors which set major limitations that affect this potential. Regardless, it can be concluded that there is a significant avenue for potential in food production and adoption via aquaponics, once the major limitations such as standardising the information (see later) have been overcome, as well as the need for adapting current systems to suit different markets, and addressing the lack of information altogether have been overcome. Whats more though, aquaponics has the potential to be implemented alongside alternative sources of energy. For example, because of the energy requirements and the need for sunlight for the crop, solar energy is often a viable form of energy to supplement the pump this will in turn drive forward investment in solar energy, which regardless of other factors, reduces energy reliance on fossil fuels. This means that hydroponics has a slight capacity to increase renewable energies although this is relatively unproven, the evidence to support this is that many participants goal in aquaponics is to create a renewable food source, or in commercial farms, the/ a goal is to maximise profit. Aquaponics is a very new science, with its beginnings starting in the 1960s via the New Alchemy Institutes creation of an ark a bio shelter using sustainable cycles to support a family of four (Todd, Todd and MacLarney, 1969). Because of this, research conducted and information about the process is particularly scarce. Evidence suggests that the process has a huge potential, and potential for research. This is also backed up by commercial potential which can become a significant driver behind advancement as evidence shows such as the massive investment in organic farming occurred once it became apparent there was a market for it. To add to this, evidence suggests that educational and financial investment will occur, this means that aquaponics is a strong contender for scientific research, and to make money. Despite the scientific and financial interest, there is the potential that the relative newness and how unknown the topic is currently has negative effects on its viability and potential. There is the possibility of market contenders hindering investment and progress of competitors in order to reduce competition as evidence suggests occur (as can be seen in patent battles in research technology in general). The little research conducted may prove too daunting for amateurs and beginners to invest their time into if they are unsure of exact details and results. This hindrance of grassroots organisation and investments of time and energy can result in a slowdown of contributing to the science. To continue this avenue of criticism, system failure and the massive variability of results can both be detrimental for the viability of aquaponics. For example, the system entwines electronics and water containing fish stocks incidents can and does occur where system failure has resulted in the loss of an entire yield (e.g. from electrocution); another example is the inclusions of ammonia sometimes used to kick start the cultivation of the bacterium that converts ammonia into nitrates, too much of which can kill livestock. And, since aquaponics relies on a cycle, it can have detrimental effects on the other half of the yield grown it can also mean the whole cycle will have to be reset and started again. Therefore, the evidence suggests that aquaponics has significant issues that are detrimental to the continuation and progress conducted in the field of aquaponics such as it being relatively unknown, and having little research conducted, as well as the variable and volatile results . Evidence also shows the viability and usage of aquaponics for scientific research. Hydroponics has long been used to scientific research; this is because of several benefits over traditional soil based agriculture: namely the increased stability allowing more standardised results, e.g. reduced water, less disease potential, easier harvesting and yield stabilisation. Aquaponics, alongside hydroponics and other variation of ponic agriculture (ponic meaning labour or grown in an artificial manner) such as aeroponics (an environment with a fine mist) and bubbleponics (highly oxygenated and nutrient rich bubbles) has an established and establishing scientific use, as can be seen by NASAs Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) research and its funding of aquaponic research, this is to identify uses for terraforming and for long term (i.e. for several years long) space exploration for use in the future. (AG Horticulture, n.d.) Conversely, evidence does suggest that for the scientific community, hydroponics may be the preferred and most suitable form of agriculture, and that aquaponics has factors that inhibit its usefulness and potential for scientific research; mainly that the inclusive of an aquaculture element is an unnecessary inclusion that complicates and increases any workload that only requires the crop yield rather than the fish stock element. For example, research in biology that requires a yield of quickly grown crops such as lettuce would not require a yield of Tilapia which would be unnecessary, as well as an unneeded expense when research funds are often already limited. Therefore, evidence suggests that as a scientific tool, aquaponics is viable for some forms of research, and naturally can be the subject of massive amounts of research; however for a large part of the scientific community, hydroponics or aquaculture may prove to be far more suitable for meeting the requirements of the resea rch. Commercial viability is typically one of the main driving forces behind the advancements in scientific research. There are many, many examples of this ranging from the oil industries drilling technology being well advanced due to the massive market for fossil fuels (e.g. deepwater drilling in the Gulf of Mexico that became economically viable with rising oil prices, meaning that investment into the technology began) to the investment in the Panda breeding program, which was partly fuelled by the tourism money it brought into China (Chengdu Panda Base, 2007). Therefore, if aquaponics is commercially viable to be a competitor to aquaculture, and agriculture it can be argued that financial investment in the system will increase, speeding up development. Due to the versatility of the system, it can be adapted to grow a wide variety of crops such as herbs, spices, vegetables, and fruits, with root vegetables typically being the major group that is unable to be grown. On the livestock side, many types of fish can be grown (although typically freshwater) including trout, perch and catfish the most common fish is Tilapia. Due to the vast variety of plants and fish that can be grown, and other factors such as climate, nutrient balance and construction quality, it is very difficult to determine is a profit can be made on that particular set up and that aquaponics in general has the potential for economic investment and return. Looking at prior evidence does suggest that yields from an aquaponics system are typically higher than those of a field based production in terms of agricultural yield. For example, research by Nick Savidov, 2002 in Alberta, Canada (a prime market location in that its too northerly to grow their own hot weather crops such as bell peppers, and with a large enough population so there is a demand) with technical assistance from Dr. James Rakocy showed that tomato crop yields in an aquaponics system were 10-15% higher than field yields, as well as 100 cucumbers per meter-2 a year far exceeding organic greenhouse yields in the region, Savidov suggests. Research conducted by Rakocy, et al (2004) the University of the Virgin Islands (one of the world leaders in aquaponic research, as well as where Rakocy is based) shows that basil production yields far exceeded those that could be grown in the field. His research showed that the aquaponic set up in the Virgin Islands produced 7.8 kg of basil m2 a year in field production using a staggered technique where a yield of a certain size was planted in order to mature at different dates ensuring a continuous harvest. This is compared to aquaponic production of 23.4 kg m2 of basil was produced in a staggered set up, whilst a batch production (i.e. all crops were grown to capacity at the same time and repeated for the year) resulted in 25 kg m2 of basil in a single year, it should be noted however that Rakocys research concluded that the batch production was unsustainable because of the stresses it put upon the fish stock for nutrients. Regardless, income provided by batch, staggered and field production were: $117700, $110210 and $36808 respectively across the 214m2 production area (USD in 2004 values). This is not including the Tilapia harvest, which was staggered to harvest every six weeks; Nile tilapia were stock at 77 fish m3 and Red tilapia were stocked at 154 fish m3 with a total capacity of 31.2m3 divided into four 7.8m3 tanks. Projected annual production was 4.16 mt and 4.78 mt (metric tonnes) for Nile and Red tilapia respectively, the report didnt value the Tilapia, although Globefish, 2011 (Food and Agriculture Organisation funded, represented by the UN) reported a 2011 USD price of 1.30-2 per kg of fresh tilapia with 0.95 USD being a good price for farmers, meaning that the University of the Virgin Islands has an annual yield potential value for the four year experiment of 8940 kg of $8493 to $17880 per year. Therefore, this evidence shows that under these conditions (water stressed Virgin Islands, US e conomy, local climate, professional guidance) that a substantial income can be made after initial investments in a large scale production facility; this means that evidence shows there is significant potential for economic return once initial investments has been made, which Rakocy(n.d.) agrees to. In conclusion, evidence shows that aquaponics has significant value in terms of food production, commercial viability, scientific value for research, and sustainability for long term use, throughout the world. It also has massive potential for these factors, and evidence suggests that aquaponics will expand in terms of popularity, food production as well as commercial and scientific interest. As a result, it can be concluded that aquaponics has its faults, but in general it is a valuable and worthwhile system with great potential.

Postmodernism in Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close by Jonathan Safran

Where does truth lie? Postmodernism is a literary movement of the twentieth century that attempts to show that the answer to this question cannot be completely determined. Characteristics of postmodern works include a mixing of different genres, random time changes, and the use of technology that all aid in presenting a common postmodern theme that truth doesn’t lie in one story, place or person. The novel Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close by Jonathan Safran Foer encompasses these postmodern characteristics combining together show how the truth cannot always be attained. Intertwined within the novel is the presence of many different genres including letters, articles and magazine clippings, and pictures. At first sight there is the whole book, a novel written in Oskar’s point of view, which tells of his trials and tribulations growing up in a post-September eleventh world. After closer examination, numerous letters from different characters are found placed within the story to provide an insight into the feelings of other characters. There is a letter from Oskar’s grandmother, letters from prisoners and other people for handwriting samples, and letters from Stephen Hawking among many. Also within the book are magazine and newspaper articles that relate to the story in different ways. For example the article about Chandra Levy parallels Oskar’s story of loss and continuous search. The other articles are apart of the game Oskar played with his dad. Oskar’s dad circled newspaper articles in red as clues to the answer to a se arch for item. Finally tactically Foer placed pictures relating to the novel throughout the book. The picture of the â€Å"Sixth Borough† (or lack of it) complements the story of the sixth borough and the picture ... ...of others. In today's society, the Internet is the primary means by which people search for "truth†. Foer tries to point out that in the society based on the truth still cannot always be found. Through the use of many postmodern characteristics Foer has created a book that concerns with the questions, where does the truth lie? And how does someone obtain the truth? At the end of the novel Oskar never really finds what he was looking for, His questions are all left unanswered. By ending in this manor Foer suggests that the truth can’t be found not every question has a yes or no answer. People can choose to go through life constantly attempting to achieve the answers to life or they can choose to accept things for what they are. Truth can be defined as the body of real things, events, and facts. But knowing the definition still leaves the question does truth exist?